Munsell Colors of Common Soil Minerals
Munsell colors for some common soil minerals.
data(soil_minerals)
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 5 variables.
mineral name
Munsell color
Munsell hue
Munsell value
Munsell chroma
Soil color and other properties including texture, structure, and consistence are used to distinguish and identify soil horizons (layers) and to group soils according to the soil classification system called Soil Taxonomy. Color development and distribution of color within a soil profile are part of weathering. As rocks containing iron or manganese weather, the elements oxidize. Iron forms small crystals with a yellow or red color, organic matter decomposes into black humus, and manganese forms black mineral deposits. These pigments paint the soil (Michigan State Soil). Color is also affected by the environment: aerobic environments produce sweeping vistas of uniform or subtly changing color, and anaerobic (lacking oxygen), wet environments disrupt color flow with complex, often intriguing patterns and points of accent. With depth below the soil surface, colors usually become lighter, yellower, or redder.
Lynn, W.C. and Pearson, M.J., The Color of Soil, The Science Teacher, May 2000. 2. Schwertmann, U. 1993. Relations Between Iron Oxides, Soil Color, and Soil Formation. "Soil Color". SSSA Special Publication no. 31, pages 51–69.
## Not run:
library(aqp)
library(ape)
library(cluster)
library(colorspace)
# load common soil mineral colors
data(soil_minerals)
# convert Munsell to R colors
soil_minerals$col <- munsell2rgb(soil_minerals$hue, soil_minerals$value,
soil_minerals$chroma)
# make a grid for plotting
n <- ceiling(sqrt(nrow(soil_minerals)))
# read from top-left to bottom-right
g <- expand.grid(x=1:n, y=n:1)[1:nrow(soil_minerals),]
# convert Munsell -> sRGB -> LAB
col.rgb <- munsell2rgb(soil_minerals$hue, soil_minerals$value,
soil_minerals$chroma, return_triplets = TRUE)
col.lab <- as(sRGB(as.matrix(col.rgb)), 'LAB')@coords
row.names(col.lab) <- soil_minerals$mineral
# divisive hierarchical clustering of LAB coordinates
d <- daisy(col.lab)
h <- as.hclust(diana(d))
p <- as.phylo(h)
# plot grid of mineral names / colors
layout(matrix(c(1,2), nrow=1), widths = c(1.25,1))
par(mar=c(1,0,0,1))
plot(g$x, g$y, pch=15, cex=12, axes=FALSE, xlab='', ylab='',
col=rev(soil_minerals$col[h$order]), xlim=c(0.5,5.5), ylim=c(1.5,5.5))
text(g$x, g$y, rev(soil_minerals$mineral[h$order]), adj=c(0.45,5), cex=1, font=2)
text(g$x, g$y, rev(soil_minerals$color[h$order]), col='white', pos=1, cex=0.85, font=2)
title(main='Common Soil Minerals', line=-2, cex.main=2)
mtext('http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054286',
side=1, cex=0.75, line=-1.5)
mtext('U. Schwertmann, 1993. SSSA Special Publication no. 31, pages 51--69', side=1,
cex=0.75, line=-0.5)
# dendrogram + tip labels with mineral colors
plot(p, cex=0.85, label.offset=1, font=1)
tiplabels(pch=15, cex=4, col=soil_minerals$col)
## End(Not run)Please choose more modern alternatives, such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.