Class transactions — Binary Incidence Matrix for Transactions
The transactions class represents transaction data used for
mining itemsets or rules.
Transactions are a direct extension of class
itemMatrix to store a binary incidence
matrix, item labels, and optionally transaction IDs and user IDs.
Transactions can be created by coercion from lists containing transactions, but also from matrix and data.frames. However, you will need to prepare your data first (see coercion methods in the Methods Section and the Example Section below for details on the needed format).
Continuous variables: Association rule mining can only use items and does not work with continuous variables. Continuous variables need to be discretized first. An item resulting from discretization might be age>18 and the column contains only TRUE or FALSE. Alternatively it can be a factor with levels age<=18, 50=>age>18 and age>50. These will be automatically converted into 3 items, one for each level. Have a look at the function discretize for automatic discretization.
Logical variables: A logical variable describing a person could be tall indicating if the person is tall using the values TRUE and FALSE. The fact that the person is tall would be encoded in the transaction containing the item tall while not tall persons would not have this item. Therefore, for logical variables, the TRUE value is converted into an item with the name of the variable and for the FALSE values no item is created.
Factors: The function also can convert columns with nominal values (i.e., factors) into a series of binary items (one for each level constructed as `variable name`=`level`). Note that nominal variables need to be encoded as factors (and not characters or numbers). This can be done with
data[,"a_nominal_var"] <- factor(data[,"a_nominal_var"]).
Transactions are represented as sparse binary matrices of class
itemMatrix. If you work with several transaction sets at the
same time, then the encoding (order of the items in the binary matrix) in the different sets is important.
See itemCoding to learn how to encode and recode transaction sets.
Objects are created by coercion from objects of other classes
(see Examples section) or by
calls of the form new("transactions", ...).
itemsetInfo:a data.frame
with one row per transaction (each transaction is considered an
itemset). The data.frame
can hold columns with additional information, e.g.,
transaction IDs or user IDs for each transaction. Note: this
slot is inherited from class itemMatrix, but
should be accessed in transactions with the
method transactionInfo().
data:object of class
ngCMatrix to store the
binary incidence matrix (see
itemMatrix class)
itemInfo:a data.frame to store
item labels (see itemMatrix class)
Class itemMatrix, directly.
signature(from = "matrix", to = "transactions");
produces a transactions data set from a binary incidence matrix.
The column names are used as item labels and the row names are
stores as transaction IDs.
signature(from = "transactions", to = "matrix");
coerces the transactions data set into a binary incidence matrix.
signature(from = "list", to = "transactions");
produces a transactions data set from a list. The names of the
items in the list are used as item labels.
signature(from = "transactions", to = "list");
coerces the transactions data set into a list of transactions.
Each transaction is a vector of character strings (names of the
contained items).
signature(from = "data.frame", to = "transactions");
recodes the data frame containing only categorical variables (factors)
or logicals all into a binary transaction data set. For binary variables
only TRUE values are converted into items and the item label is the
variable name. For factors, a dummy item for each level is
automatically generated. Item labels are generated by concatenating
variable names and levels with "=".
The original variable names and levels are stored in the itemInfo
data frame
as the components variables and levels.
Note that NAs are ignored (i.e., do not generate an item).
signature(from = "transactions", to = "data.frame");
represents the set of transactions in a printable form
as a data.frame.
Note that this does not reverse coercion from data.frame
to transactions.
signature(from = "ngCMatrix", to = "transactions");
Note that the data is stored transposed in the ngCMatrix. Items are
stored as rows and transactions are columns!
signature(x = "transactions");
returns row (transactionID) and column (item) names.
signature(x = "transactions");
returns the items in the transactions as an
itemMatrix.
signature(x = "transactions");
returns the labels for the itemsets in each transaction
(see itemMatrix).
signature(x = "transactions");
replaces the transaction information with a new data.frame.
signature(x = "transactions");
returns the transaction information as a data.frame.
signature(object = "transactions")
signature(object = "transactions")
Michael Hahsler
## example 1: creating transactions form a list
a_list <- list(
c("a","b","c"),
c("a","b"),
c("a","b","d"),
c("c","e"),
c("a","b","d","e")
)
## set transaction names
names(a_list) <- paste("Tr",c(1:5), sep = "")
a_list
## coerce into transactions
trans1 <- as(a_list, "transactions")
## analyze transactions
summary(trans1)
image(trans1)
## example 2: creating transactions from a matrix
a_matrix <- matrix(c(
1,1,1,0,0,
1,1,0,0,0,
1,1,0,1,0,
0,0,1,0,1,
1,1,0,1,1
), ncol = 5)
## set dim names
dimnames(a_matrix) <- list(c("a","b","c","d","e"),
paste("Tr",c(1:5), sep = ""))
a_matrix
## coerce
trans2 <- as(a_matrix, "transactions")
trans2
inspect(trans2)
## example 3: creating transactions from data.frame
a_df <- data.frame(
age = as.factor(c(6, 8, NA, 9, 16)),
grade = as.factor(c("A", "C", "F", NA, "C")),
pass = c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE))
## note: factors are translated differently to logicals and NAs are ignored
a_df
## coerce
trans3 <- as(a_df, "transactions")
inspect(trans3)
as(trans3, "data.frame")
## example 4: creating transactions from a data.frame with
## transaction IDs and items (by converting it into a list of transactions first)
a_df3 <- data.frame(
TID = c(1,1,2,2,2,3),
item=c("a","b","a","b","c", "b")
)
a_df3
trans4 <- as(split(a_df3[,"item"], a_df3[,"TID"]), "transactions")
trans4
inspect(trans4)
## Note: This is very slow for large datasets. It is much faster to
## read transactions using read.transactions() with format = "single".
## This can be done using an anonymous file.
write.table(a_df3, file = tmp <- file(), row.names = FALSE)
trans4 <- read.transactions(tmp, format = "single",
header = TRUE, cols = c("TID", "item"))
close(tmp)
inspect(trans4)
## example 5: create transactions from a dataset with numeric variables
## using discretization.
data(iris)
irisDisc <- discretizeDF(iris)
head(irisDisc)
trans5 <- as(irisDisc, "transactions")
trans5
inspect(head(trans5))
## example 6: create transactions manually (with the same items as in trans5)
trans6 <- as(encode(list(
c("Sepal.Length=[4.3,5.4)", "Species=setosa"),
c("Sepal.Length=[4.3,5.4)", "Species=setosa")
), itemLabels = itemLabels(trans5)
), "transactions")
inspect(trans6)Please choose more modern alternatives, such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.