Simulate 2-D Population
Simulate a Poisson process representing the locations of individual animals.
sim.popn (D, core, buffer = 100, model2D = c("poisson", "cluster",
"IHP", "coastal", "hills", "linear", "even"), buffertype = c("rect",
"concave", "convex"), poly = NULL, covariates = list(sex = c(M = 0.5,
F = 0.5)), number.from = 1, Ndist = c("poisson", "fixed",
"specified"), nsessions = 1, details = NULL, seed = NULL, keep.mask =
model2D %in% c("IHP", "linear"), Nbuffer = NULL, age = FALSE, ...)
tile(popn, method = "reflect")D |
density animals / hectare (10 000 m\^2) (see Details for IHP case) |
core |
data frame of points defining the core area |
buffer |
buffer radius about core area |
model2D |
character string for 2-D distribution |
buffertype |
character string for buffer type |
poly |
bounding polygon (see Details) |
covariates |
list of named covariates |
number.from |
integer ID for animal |
Ndist |
character string for distribution of number of individuals |
nsessions |
number of sessions to simulate |
details |
optional list with additional parameters |
seed |
either NULL or an integer that will be used in a call to |
keep.mask |
logical; if TRUE and model2D %in% c('IHP','linear')
then |
Nbuffer |
integer number of individuals to simulate |
age |
logical; if TRUE then age covariate added for multisession popn with turnover |
... |
arguments passed to subset if poly is not NULL |
popn |
popn object |
method |
character string "reflect" or "copy" |
core must contain columns ‘x’ and ‘y’; a traps object is
suitable. For buffertype = "rect", animals are simulated in the
rectangular area obtained by extending the bounding box of core
by buffer metres to top and bottom, left and right. This box has
area A. If model2D = 'poisson' the buffer type may also be ‘convex’ (points within a buffered convex polygon) or ‘concave’ (corresponding to a mask of type ‘trapbuffer’); these buffer types use buffer.contour.
A notional random covariate ‘sex’ is generated by default.
Each element of covariates defines a categorical (factor)
covariate with the given probabilities of membership in each class. No
mechanism is provided for generating continuous covariates, but these
may be added later (see Examples).
Ndist should usually be ‘poisson’ or ‘fixed’. The number of individuals N has expected value DA. If DA is non-integer then Ndist = "fixed" results in N in { trunc(DA), trunc(DA)+1 } , with probabilities set to yield DA individuals on average. The option ‘specified’ is undocumented; it is used in some open-population simulations.
If model2D = "cluster" then the simulated population approximates a Neyman-Scott
clustered Poisson distribution. Ancillary parameters are passed as
components of details: details$mu is the fixed number of
individuals per cluster and details$hsigma is the spatial scale
(sigma) of a 2-D kernel for location within each cluster.
The algorithm is
Determine the number of clusters (parents) as a random Poisson variate with lambda = DA/mu
Locate each parent by drawing uniform random x- and y-coordinates
Generate mu offspring for each parent and locate them by adding random normal error to each parent coordinate
Apply toroidal wrapping to ensure all offspring locations are inside the buffered area
Function tile replicates a popn pattern by either reflecting or
copying and translating it to fill a 3 x 3 grid.
Toroidal wrapping is a compromise. The result is more faithful to the Neyman-Scott distribution if the buffer is large enough that only a small proportion of the points are wrapped.
If model2D = "IHP" then an inhomogeneous Poisson distribution is
simulated. core should be a habitat mask and D
should be either a vector of length equal to the number of cells (rows)
in core or the name of a covariate in core that contains
cell-specific densities (animals / hectare), or a constant. The number
of individuals in each cell is either (i) Poisson-distributed with mean
DA where A is the cell area (an attribute of the mask)
(Ndist = "poisson") or (ii) multinomial with size DA and
relative cell probabilities given by D (Ndist =
"fixed"). buffertype and buffer are ignored, as the
extent of the population is governed entirely by the mask in
core.
If model2D = "linear" then a linear population is simulated as
for model2D = "IHP", except that core should be a
linearmask object from package secrlinear, and density (D) is
expressed in animals per km. The documentation of secrlinear
should be consulted for further detail (e.g. the wrapper function
sim.linearpopn).
If model2D = "coastal" then a form of inhomogeneous Poisson
distribution is simulated in which the x- and y-coordinates are drawn from
independent Beta distributions. Default parameters generate the
‘coastal’ distribution used by Fewster and Buckland (2004) for
simulations of line-transect distance sampling (x ~ Beta(1, 1.5), y ~
Beta(5, 1), which places 50% of the population in the ‘northern’ 13%
of the rectangle). The four Beta parameters may be supplied in the
vector component Beta of the ‘details’ list (see Examples). The Beta
parameters (1,1) give a uniform distribution. Coordinates are scaled to
fit the limits of a sampled rectangle, so this method assumes buffertype
= "rect".
If model2D = "hills" then a form of inhomogeneous Poisson
distribution is simulated in which intensity is a sine curve in the x-
and y- directions (density varies symmetrically between 0 and 2 x D
along each axis). The number of hills in each direction (default 1) is
determined by the ‘hills’ component of the ‘details’ list (e.g. details
= list(hills=c(2,3)) for 6 hills). If either number is negative then
alternate rows will be offset by half a hill. Displacements of the
entire pattern to the right and top are indicated by further elements of
the ‘hills’ component (e.g. details = list(hills=c(1,1,0.5,0.5)) for 1
hill shifted half a unit to the top right; coordinates are wrapped, so
the effect is to split the hill into the four corners). Negative
displacements are replaced by runif(1). Density is zero at the edge when
the displacement vector is (0,0) and rows are not offset.
If model2D = "even" then the buffered area is divided into square cells with side sqrt(10000/D) and one animal is located at a random uniform location within each cell. If the height or width is not an exact multiple of the cell side then one whole extra row or column of cells is added; animals located at random in these cells are discarded if they fall outside the original area.
If poly is specified, points outside poly are
dropped. poly may be either
a matrix or dataframe of two columns interpreted as x and y coordinates, or
a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object as defined in the package ‘sp’, possibly from reading a shapefile with readOGR() from package ‘rgdal’.
The subset method is called internally when poly is used;
the ... argument may be used to pass values for keep.poly and
poly.habitat.
Multi-session populations may be generated with nsessions > 1.
Multi-session populations may be independent or generated by per capita
turnover from a starting population. In the ‘independent’ case
(details$lambda not specified) D or Nbuffer may be a vector of length equal to
nsessions. Turnover is controlled by survival, growth rate and movement
parameters provided as components of details and described in turnover.
The optional covariate 'age' is the number of sessions from the session of recruitment.
The random number seed is managed as in simulate.lm.
An object of class c("popn", "data.frame") a data frame with columns ‘x’ and ‘y’. Rows correspond to individuals. Individual covariates (optional) are stored
as a data frame attribute. The initial state of the R random number generator is
stored in the ‘seed’ attribute.
If model2D = "linear" the output is of class c("linearpopn",
"popn", "data.frame").
If model2D = "IHP" or model2D = "linear" the value of
core is stored in the ‘mask’ attribute.
Fewster, R. M. and Buckland, S. T. 2004. Assessment of distance sampling estimators. In: S. T. Buckland, D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers and L. Thomas (eds) Advanced distance sampling. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U. K. Pp. 281–306.
temppop <- sim.popn (D = 10, expand.grid(x = c(0,100), y =
c(0,100)), buffer = 50)
## plot, distinguishing "M" and "F"
plot(temppop, pch = 1, cex= 1.5,
col = c("green","red")[covariates(temppop)$sex])
## add a continuous covariate
## assumes covariates(temppop) is non-null
covariates(temppop)$size <- rnorm (nrow(temppop), mean = 15, sd = 3)
summary(covariates(temppop))
## Neyman-Scott cluster distribution
par(xpd = TRUE, mfrow=c(2,3))
for (h in c(5,15))
for (m in c(1,4,16)) {
temppop <- sim.popn (D = 10, expand.grid(x = c(0,100),
y = c(0,100)), model2D = "cluster", buffer = 100,
details = list(mu = m, hsigma = h))
plot(temppop)
text (50,230,paste(" mu =",m, "hsigma =",h))
}
par(xpd = FALSE, mfrow=c(1,1)) ## defaults
## Inhomogeneous Poisson distribution
xy <- secrdemo.0$mask$x + secrdemo.0$mask$y - 900
tempD <- xy^2 / 1000
plot(sim.popn(tempD, secrdemo.0$mask, model2D = "IHP"))
## Coastal distribution in 1000-m square, homogeneous in
## x-direction
arena <- data.frame(x = c(0, 1000, 1000, 0),
y = c(0, 0, 1000, 1000))
plot(sim.popn(D = 5, core = arena, buffer = 0, model2D =
"coastal", details = list(Beta = c(1, 1, 5, 1))))
## Hills
plot(sim.popn(D = 100, core = arena, model2D = "hills",
buffer = 0, details = list(hills = c(-2,3,0,0))),
cex = 0.4)
## tile demonstration
pop <- sim.popn(D = 100, core = make.grid(), model2D = "coastal")
par(mfrow = c(1,2), mar = c(2,2,2,2))
plot(tile(pop, "copy"))
polygon(cbind(-100,200,200,-100), c(-100,-100,200,200),
col = "red", density = 0)
title("copy")
plot(tile(pop, "reflect"))
polygon(cbind(-100,200,200,-100), c(-100,-100,200,200),
col = "red", density = 0)
title("reflect")
## Not run:
## simulate from inhomogeneous fitted density model
regionmask <- make.mask(traps(possumCH), type = "polygon",
spacing = 20, poly = possumremovalarea)
dts <- distancetotrap(regionmask, possumarea)
covariates(regionmask) <- data.frame(d.to.shore = dts)
dsurf <- predictDsurface(possum.model.Ds, regionmask)
possD <- covariates(dsurf)$D.0
posspop <- sim.popn(D = possD, core = dsurf, model = "IHP")
plot(regionmask, dots = FALSE, ppoly = FALSE)
plot(posspop, add = TRUE, frame = FALSE)
plot(traps(possumCH), add = TRUE)
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